Pro Capital Punishment – Paper

One of the main reasons that people object to the death penalty In because of the fear that the wrong person could be convicted and put to death. Even though an innocent person could be wrongfully convicted, certain criminals should face the death penalty because It ensures the murderer can commit no more crime In the future and it Installs fear In other potential criminals. In July 2010 1 heard on Fox 21 News that three convicted murderers escaped from an Arizona prison, these murderers were facing fifteen years to life for their crimes.One of the three men was caught in Western Colorado two of the men still remain at large. This Is a really scary situation. Frightening enough people escape from prison, jail and half way homes more than people are aware of. C. Sullenness reported that the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 1 998 showed that 6,530 people escaped or were ALLOW from state prisons (2001 , Para. 2). Shown below is the prison population for two separate years and show the nu mber of Inmates that escaped or were ALLOW. (Sullenness, 2001 , Para. ) According to this research this, is not very many escapes and the reason that we don't hear about it is because not many of the escapes are as dramatic as movies and T. V shows make them seem. Although the statistics show that this number is not really high, It still proves that Inmates are capable of escaping and they do. For example the Texas Seven escaped from John Connelly unit in the year 2000 these men were highly dangerous and were looking at serving many years for their crimes, one of the men had ninety nine years to serve.Eventually all the men got recaptured thanks In large part to the popular TV show â€Å"Americas Most Wanted†, but It took more than a year. In that one year many people lived in fear, scared to go outside alone at eight. Innocent people should not have to live in that constant fear. Many innocent lives were put at risk including a security officer who lost his life when the men escaped. We shouldn't risk are families. If criminals found guilty of pre-meditated crimes are given the death penalty it would ensure that they don't escape and begin to kill again.Guarantying those citizens our kept safe from such violence. Capital punishment could do more than Just keep criminals off the street; it can also prevent crime. When someone Is put to death, due too serious crime they have committed In he society other potential criminals take It as a warning that such violence will not be tolerated and dissuades them from committing any crime worthy of the death 1 OFF penalty Research cone Day VIC Lee Inelastic Tanat â€Å"In ten mom to late number of executions stabilized, the murder rate increased.

Arbitration Agreement

BY: ISAAC, OKORONKWO . C. HEM/1137 ABSTRACT This paper seeks to look into the issues concerning arbitration agreement under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA). It identifies the categories, forms, parties and highlights of the arbitration agreement. It also examines the enforcement of an arbitration agreement. This paper reveals that arbitration is a major attraction as being the most flexible way of settling dispute. Thus, it was suggested that arbitration agreement is a vital component of an arbitration proceedings. 1. 0INTRODUCTIONArbitration has continued to maintain the lead as the preferred mechanism for resolution of domestic and international business disputes in the Nigerian legal system. An arbitration agreement means a voluntary agreement to submit to arbitration present or future disputes, â€Å"whether contractual or not†. It is clear; therefore, that a claim in tort or fraud may be the subject matter of an arbitration agreement (Udechukwu, 2008). An arbit ration agreement can be included in the original or be in the form of a separate agreement, either at the time of the contract or subsequently.Therefore, even in the absence of an original integrated arbitration clause the parties can still decide to settle a presently existing dispute by arbitration. The arbitration agreement is the document, which is normally in writing containing details about the reference of the disputes for resolution by the arbitrators. It is an agreement on paper containing information signed by the parties; containing and providing records of the arbitration agreement (Oyegbile, 2000). It is a very important document guiding the entire process of arbitration.It also includes any reference in a contract to a document containing an arbitration clause which constitutes an arbitration agreement if such contract is in writing and the reference is such as to make that clause part of the contract. Unless a contrary intention is expressed in the arbitration agreeme nt, it shall be irrevocable except:- i. By agreement of the parties ii. By leave of the court or a Judge iii. Even, the occurrence of death of either of the parties does not automatically revoke the arbitration agreement.Rather, it shall be enforceable by or against the personal representatives of the deceased. In the past, arbitration agreement could be in oral but the present arbitration act only recognized written agreement to arbitrate. The implication of this is that only written agreements are enforceable by the courts or Judge. 1. 1AIM AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this work is to provide information on arbitration agreement under the Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA) CAP A18 2004.To achieve the above aim, the specific objectives are to: * Identify the categories of arbitration agreement * Examine the enforcement of the arbitration agreement * Identify parties to the arbitration agreements * Identify the major highlight of Arbitration and Conciliation Act (ACA). 2. 0LITERATU RE REVIEW 2. 1CATEGORIES OF ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS There are two basic types of agreement: [1] the arbitration clause and [2] the submission agreement.An arbitration clause looks to the future, whereas a submission agreement looks to the past. The first, which is most common, is usually contained in the principal agreement between the parties and is an agreement to submit future disputes to arbitration. The second is an agreement to submit existing disputes to arbitration. Arbitration clauses are usually short, whilst submission agreements are usually long. This is not because of any particular legal requirement. It is simply a reflection of the practicalities of the situation.An arbitration clause that deals with disputes which may arise in the future does not usually go into much detail, since it is not known what kind of disputes will arise and how they should best be handled. Indeed, although the parties to a contract may agree to an arbitration clause, they hope that there will be no need to invoke it. Usually they insert a short model clause, recommended by an arbitral institution, as a formality. By contrast, a submission agreement deals with a dispute that has in fact already arisen; and so it can be tailored to fit precisely the circumstances of the case.In addition to indicating the place of arbitration and the substantive law, it generally names the arbitrators, sets out the matters in dispute and even, if thought appropriate, provides for exchange of written submissions and other procedure matters. 2. 2ENFORCEMENT OF THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENTS Nigerian Courts have adopted a positive approach to the enforcement of arbitration agreements. A review of the decided cases shows a general recognition by Nigerian Courts of arbitration as a good and valid alternative dispute resolution mechanism. In C. N.ONUSELOGU ENT. LTD. V. AFRIBANK (NIG. ) LTD, the Court held that arbitral proceedings are a recognised means of resolving disputes and should not be taken lightly by both counsel and parties. However, there must be an agreement to arbitrate, which is a voluntary submission to arbitration. Where there is an arbitration clause in a contract that is the subject matter of Court proceedings and a party to the Court proceedings promptly raises the issue of an arbitration clause, the Courts will order a stay of proceedings and refer the parties to arbitration.SECTIONS 6(3) and 21 of the Lagos State Arbitration Law 2009, which â€Å"empowers the Court to grant interim orders or reliefs to preserve the res or rights of parties pending arbitration. † Although the ACA in section 13 gives the arbitral tribunal power to make interim orders of preservation before or during arbitral proceedings, it does not expressly confer the power of preservative orders on the Court and Section 34 of the ACA limits the Courts’ power of intervention in arbitration to the express provisions of the ACA.The usefulness of section 6(3) of the Lagos State Arbitration Law 2009 is seen when there is an urgent need for interim preservative orders and the arbitral tribunal is yet to be constituted. In this regard, such applications find no direct backing under the ACA and have always been brought under the Rules of Court and under the Court’s inherent jurisdiction to grant interim orders. However, in AFRIBANK NIGERIA PLC V HACO, the Court granted interim relief and directed the parties to arbitrate under the provisions of ACA.Upon the publication of the award the parties returned to the Court for its enforcement as judgment of the Court. The Courts in Nigeria are often inclined to uphold the provisions of Sections 4 and 5 of the ACA provided the necessary conditions are met. A live case in point is the case of MINAJ SYSTEMS LTD. V. GLOBAL PLUS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LTD. & 5 ORS, in this case, the Claimant instituted a Court action in breach of the arbitration agreement in the main contract and on the Defendant’s application , the Court granted an order staying proceedings in the interim for 30 days pending arbitration.In NIGER PROGRESS LTD. V. N. E. I. CORP. , the Supreme Court followed section 5 of the ACA which gives the Court the jurisdiction to stay proceedings where there is an arbitration agreement. In the owners of the MV LUPEX V. NIGERIAN OVERSEAS CHARTERING & SHIPPING LTD, the Supreme Court held that it was an abuse of the Court process for the respondent to institute a fresh suit in Nigeria against the appellant for the same dispute during the pendency of the arbitration proceedings in London. In AKPAJI V.UDEMBA, the Court held that where a defendant fails to raise the issue of an arbitration clause and rely on same at the early stage of the proceeding but takes positive steps in the action, he would be deemed to have waived his right under the arbitration clause. 2. 3THE PARTIES TO AN ARBITRATION AGREEMENT The parties to a contract must have legal capacity to enter into that contract, otherw ise it is invalid. The position is no different if the contract in question happens to be an arbitration agreement.The general rule is that any natural or legal person who has the capacity to enter into a valid contract has the capacity to enter into an arbitration agreement. Accordingly, the parties to such agreements include individuals, as well as partnerships, corporations, states and state agencies. If an arbitration agreement is entered into by a party who does not have the capacity to do so, (the law where applicable) may be invoked either at the beginning or at the end of the arbitral process. If it is invoked at the eginning of the process, the party requesting for it would ask the competent court to stop the arbitration, on the basis that the arbitration agreement is null and void. Where the validity of the arbitration agreement is raised at the end of the arbitration process, the requesting party would ask that the competent court to refuse the recognition and enforcement of such an award, on the grounds that one of the parties to the arbitration agreement is â€Å"under some incapacity† under the applicable law. 3. 0MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS OF THE ARBITRATION ACT a) The Arbitration Clause: The Arbitration and Conciliation Act (â€Å"ACA†) CAP.A18 2004 mandates that all arbitration agreements must be in writing and signed by the parties, in an exchange of letters, telex, telegram or other means of communication; or point of claim or defence. In Nigeria, arbitration clauses are irrevocable except by the leave of court or mutual agreement of parties. Even where parties had no prior agreement, with a submission agreement, parties may still submit to arbitration; b) Subject-matter Arbitrability: The â€Å"ACA† does not stipulate any particular subject matter that may not be referred to arbitration.The question of whether or not a dispute is arbitrable has therefore been left at the discretion of the Courts. In ARAB REPUBLIC V. OGUNWALE(2002 ) 9 NWLR (PART 771) 127,the Court of Appeal held that the test for determining whether a dispute is arbitrable or not is that the dispute or difference must necessarily arise from the clause contained in the agreement. However not all disputes are necessarily arbitrable c) Binding Nature: The â€Å"ACA5† provides that every arbitration award in Nigeria shall be binding on the parties.This is to preclude a recalcitrant party from preventing a successful party from enjoying the fruits of his judgment. d) Number of Arbitrators: In Nigeria, the number of arbitrators is either one or three. The parties to an arbitration agreement may determine their preferred numbers of arbitrators to be appointed under the agreement, but where no such determination is made, the number of arbitrators shall be deemed to be three. e) Challenge of an arbitrator: Parties may determine the procedure to be followed in challenging an arbitrator. Where no such procedure is determined a party who intends t o challenge an arbitrator shall, within ifteen days of becoming aware of the constitution of the arbitral Tribunal or becoming aware of any of the grounds, send to the arbitral Tribunal a written statement of the reasons for the challenge. f) Preservative Orders: The provisions of the ACA cloths the members of a Tribunal with the requisite powers to grant preservative orders during an arbitration reference. These orders however do not include granting injunctions etc. The Act provides that in such circumstance, the Tribunal can remit that portion of the reference to a proper court for the grant of such injunctive relief. ) Language to be used in Arbitral proceedings: In Nigeria, the parties may, by agreement determine the language or languages to be used in the arbitral proceedings. But where they do not do so, the arbitral Tribunal shall determine the language to be used bearing in mind the relevant circumstances of the case. h) Legal Representation: In Nigeria, the parties to an a rbitral proceeding may appear for themselves or be represented or assisted by a legal practitioner of their choice. i) The Award: An Award may be interim, interlocutory, or final. Any award made in Nigeria must adhere to the following: * It must be in writing; It must be signed by all the arbitrators (if they are more than one); * It must be delivered with a reason (except where parties agree otherwise); * The place where the Award was made must be stated on the award. j) The enforcement of an Award: An arbitral award shall, irrespective of the country in which it is made, be recognised as binding on the parties. This is made possible by the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcements) Act, Cap 152, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004, which makes foreign arbitral awards registerable in Nigerian Courts if at the date of registration it could be enforced by execution in Nigeria. . 1THE DOCTRINE â€Å"SEPARABILITY† It is also known as the doctrine or principle of autonomy or independence of the arbitration clause. Separability means the arbitrability clause in a contract is considered to be separate from the main contract of which it forms part and as such, survives the termination of that contract. It noteworthy to mention that arbitration agreement can be in form of an arbitration clause in a contract or in a separate agreement addressing disputes that have already arisen.The doctrine of separability is most relevant to arbitration clause in a contract an underlying contract. At the outset it must be recognised that this doctrine is inextricably linked with the doctrine of kompetence-kompetence which empowers the arbitrator to decide his own jurisdiction in the first instance. While kompetence-kompetence empowers the arbitration tribunal to decide on its own jurisdiction, the doctrine of separability affects the outcome of this decision.The doctrine of separability is provided for under Section 12(2) of ACA: For purposes of subsection (1) of this sect ion, an arbitration clause which forms part of a contract shall be treated as an agreement independent of the other terms of the contract and a decision by the arbitral tribunal that the contract is null and void shall not entail ipso jure the validity of the arbitration clause. For arbitral tribunals whose seat is in Nigeria (including under domestic arbitration) the source of this doctrine is article 12(2) of ACA quoted above which is a mandatory provision.Parties cannot therefore as a matter of contract, derogate from this provision and agree otherwise. Finally, separability thus ensures that if, for example one party claims that there has been a total breach of contract by the other, the contract is not destroyed for all purposes. Instead: â€Å"It survives for the purpose of measuring the claims arising out of the breach, and the arbitration clause survives for determining the mode of their settlement. The purposes of the contract have failed, but the arbitration clause is not one of the purposes of the contract. † 4. 0DATA AND METHODIn bid to gather information for this study, the secondary source of data collection was utilized, which includes – journals, textbooks and other relevant document from the internet (web sites and e-library). 5. 0CONCLUSION The importance of the arbitration agreement is imperative and vital to the success of an arbitration proceeding. The arbitration agreement represents the wishes of the parties to submit future dispute to arbitration while submission clause attends to disputes that have already arisen. REFERENCES ACA. (2004). Arbitration and Concilation Act CAP A8, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) .Nigeria. National Open University. (n. d. ). Alternative Disput Resolution II. Retrieved 02 23, 2013, from www. noun. edu. ng Oyegbile, S. O. (2000). An Introduction to Arbitration and Conciliation. Minna: Jameson Graphic Publishers. Tolulope, A. (2012). Arbitration in the Emerging Markets. The International Charmber of Commerce Clyde & Co. Conference (pp. 2-4). London: Aron. Udechukwu, C. E. (2008). Professional Practice for Real Estate Professionals. Lagos: Treem Nigeria Limited. Wikipedia. (2013). Web Encylopedia. Retrieved 02 14, 2013, from www. wikipedia. com: http://www. wikipedia. com

Realism Paper

Brandon Jackson There are many differences between realism and theatricalism. Realism consists of any type of play that is based off of real life events. And theatricalism is the complete opposite. It doesn’t consist of any real life events and they aren’t supposed to do such. Realism plays don’t have to have any sort of originality but they are normally written directly from real life events. When play writers are writing a realistic play they tend to write the play as common and close to everyday speech and actions of humans. Realistic plays almost always recall on flashbacks, which consist of scenes that occurred in the characters past.In realistic plays actors and actresses do not even look directly at the audience, many of times in these plays actors do not even acknowledge the audience’s presence in order to give it that realistic feel. Take the play Joe Turners come and gone for example the characters sway away from keeping in contact with the crowd and they make sure not to look at the audience for any reason. If I where to write a play on the realism of a high school students way of speaking, I would be sure to use a lot of slang in my speech to make it as realistic as possible.As said before the play Joe Turners come and gone is a great example of realism. The play shows the struggles of an African American family and consists of real live events like slavery and poverty. The characters are all working class who are barely making a living. Another realistic play, which consists of realistic event, is The Piano Lesson. Just like Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, the characters in The Piano Lesson are all working class African Americans working hard just to survive.The main character Boy Wille is so desperate for money he decides he wants to trade a piano that has been in the family for several years in order to acquire land for crop growing. But the play does use some theatricalism. Towards the end of the play they make a g host a ghost which many could agree isnt exactly realism. But even within the play they still seem to make the story very believable with a realistic. The same with The Last Five Years. This play and or musical are very realistic and utilize many different scenes of the everyday life of a married couple in Ohio.Unlike the Play Joe Turners come and gone, Angles in America is completely un realistic and is clearly imaginary. There are many aspects of Thearicalism found in this play. Nothing in this play is predictable and throughout the play the audience can be found both confused and some amazed by its creativity. Absurdism is another aspect of theatricalsim. Absurdism is the philosophical thought of people are meaningless and have no job or role in life. Many Fictional plays normally consist of some sort theatricalism and many Absurdism. Expersionalism is the thought of painting a picture with words and or in the form of a play.This can be seen in almost any play because theatre is a form or art and the main objective of any play is to paint a picture. But in any Thearticalism play the Every aspect of these plays are make believe, and they normally don’t consist of a true plot and or seem realistic. The use of Imagery and exaggeration and distortion can be found in just about any theatrical play. http://www. musicomh. com/theatre/last-five-years_0706. htm http://www. sparknotes. com/drama/piano/summary. html http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/theatricalism NOTES

Climate Change- Reality or Myth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Climate Change- Reality or Myth - Assignment Example As a result, it moves to areas inhabited by man as it is seen roaming in roads, cities as well as in homes. The reason for choosing the polar bear is because it has shifted from the usual habitat. Moreover, the polar bear is known not to be friendly to a human being. However, in this case, circumstances have forced it to embrace human and to surround for survival. Hence, it delivers the message of the video that one has to change the way of movement due to unavoidable circumstances. The Nissan Company has managed to reach their target audience. This has been possible by showing how polar bear has shifted due to unavoidable circumstances. There are various reasons for confusion in the media and among the masses on the issue of climate change and linkage to man. First, the media is likely to be manipulated by those that are against man linked to climate change. For example, some corporate that are responsible for increased greenhouse gases may influence the media and distort information concerning climate change. Secondly, the masses may not have basic facts relating to climate change and hence they may have little knowledge concerning climate

My body my laboratory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My body my laboratory - Article Example On the other hand, such self-experimentation allowed the scientifically minded luminaries a firsthand experience that enabled them to directly experience the veracity of what they believed in, thereby allowing for the progress of their cause. In contemporary times such self-experimentation could not be supported and rationalized. Many a time it puts the life of the experimenters at risk. Even if one supports such an approach in the name of altruism, practically speaking there is no need for it. Today, scientific research has entered an entirely new era where not only it is methodically codified and regulated but is supported by state of the art R&D facilities, foolproof methodologies and apt biological, chemical and digital techniques and gadgets that are immaculately sufficient in testing and measuring the nuances associated with varied scientific theories. In a contemporary context, the very need for retaining the sanctity and reliability of scientific research warrants discipline, restraint, and patience. Thus, most of the cases mentioned by Harrell in his article seem to be resorting to such experimentation, more out a lack of patience, inability to defer to established and universally reliable procedures and the need for instant publicity. The usage of one’s body as a laboratory may sometimes yield positive or even groundbreaking results. In the 21st century, scientific research needs more discipline, codification, and scientific reliability, which more than often cannot be furnished by such adventurism.

A literary analysis of a short story,poem or essay of benjamin Research Paper

A literary analysis of a short story,poem or essay of benjamin franklin - Research Paper Example First, the story of the Whistle by Benjamin has salient themes. The broader theme that the author has presented in the work is indeed the lesson that has been learnt from the story. One easily learns that it is not wise for people to spend all the money they have on things that are unworthy. Benjamin revels that; whenever he was tempted to buy things that he felt were unnecessary, he would convince himself not to pay so much money for the whistle, and as such, he saved money. This theme overrides the whole story and one is able to notice that Franklin applies the situation in all matters. The author has used a number of stylistic devices that contribute majorly to the theme. First, there is a strong use of imagery. The whistle has been used figuratively in the story. Benjamin Franklin consistently reveals how he perceived objects to be purchased as â€Å"whistle† or as â€Å"time with value. In an excerpt, he suggest that when he saw another fond of popularity and constantly engaging themselves in political bustles while neglecting his own affairs , he would compare himself with such a man and conclude that the man is paying too much for the whistle, something he would not want to do. The author has further use the repetition in the entire work. Repetition is a style that is always used when one wants to create some sense of musicality, memorability, emphasis or create some stress on an idea. (Ishizuka, Kenkichi, and Takehisa Onisawa , 13)In this case, the author has utilized the style of repetition to present the four meanings. At the first instance, the author makes emphasis on the whistle, to inform the reader to develop a strong imagery on it. In another instance, the word whistle is repeated to break the boredom of the continuous narration. It therefore sets a breaking point. This breaking point announces a new transition, and as such activates the mind of the

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Annotated Bibliography Example They aim to explore the relation between the three IPTS components and PTSD symptoms. After the research, they established that the acquired capability to commit suicide links directly to re-experiencing the symptoms. However, the researchers explain, through statistical explanation of mental health distress, the relationship of the above established ideologies to disenchanted belongingness and alleged burdensomeness. Additionally, results prove that mental rehearsal of provocative and painful experiences impact on suicide risk. The researchers have created it for other scholars in the same field since it is technical. The study’s strength is that it contains basic information. The jargon forms the quandary in the interpretation, considering that it has insufficient research proof. Finley, E., Baker, M., Pugh, M., & Peterson, A. (2010). Patterns and Perceptions of Intimate Partner Violence Committed by Returning Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Journal of Family Violence, 25(8), 737-743. Doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9331-7 The researchers aim at addressing critical thematic concerns regarding a population of Iraqi and Afghanistan veterans; diagnosed with PTSD. The researcher addresses concerns of IPV among the population sample selected. The researchers come up with two categorical findings, which establish different inclinations towards the main themes under critical study, obviously, regarding IPV among PTSD. Three modes of violence include violence elicited by anger, parasomniac and dissociative. Secondly, common notions on PTSD and suffering-related war influence veterans’ reaction to violence cases against their partners. This study addresses pertinent matters in the expounding of corrective measures or actions to be taken by authorities and organizations in dealing with their workforce stress issues. The study portends benefits of research evidence and

Plan for your Professional Development Assignment

Plan for your Professional Development - Assignment Example The stated program provides the students knowledge and skills for success which opens up a wide ranging opportunities in their lives. It is known to all professional students that the global environment of market place in constantly changing. Slowly and gradually, the global market place is becoming competitive and huge complex. Therefore, it is necessary for me to understand the courses under the program to taste success in the near future. If the opportunities are taken into account at first, it can be said the teachers successfully completing the course can think of a salary rise while others who are involved in educating children can stay connected with the latest trends or fashion in the market and therefore can serve the students in efficient fashion. The course will contribute in enriching the adult teaching theories as well as explore the design and implementation of the theories in the practical scenario. The focus of the course lies upon understanding the diversity as well as creating the inclusive learning environments. The course curriculum is designed for the professionals, who are interested in working with adult learners in the fields of corporate training, community as well as government agencies and post secondary institutions (Strayer, 2013). . These courses will help me to explore myself in future educational environment. Proper in-depth understanding about the coursework will help me to pursue the dream which I want to attain in the near future. Education is always treated as a noble job and when it comes to teaching adults in the various academic o the corporate arena, then it lures up much more excitement. Answer 2: Assessment of Knowledge, skills and experience The course period will provide me a thorough understanding of the adult learning theory. It will also contribute in analyzing the impact of adult learning on the community as a whole and on the society. It will provide me the requisite knowledge to develop and design the institutio nal content that incorporates the theory relating to adult leaning as well as meet the learning goals. The course content and the curriculum are highly effective to strengthen the communication skills to effectively deliver the content and keep the learners interested in a variety of settings. It is important to keep the interests of the learners intact for any learning course. The analytical plans will laid out the format to deliver effective teaching modules. The familiarity with the online teaching systems will contribute in habituating the learners with the online method and facilitate the adult learning. Proper understanding of theories and practices will help me to increase my level of knowledge, skills and experience. High level of knowledge, skills and experience will help me to increase my number of strengths in order to solve several critical and real time practical issues and problems within the environment (Adair, 2013). Data Analysis (Presentation), Conduct Market Resea rch (Lead a Department) and Detect Problems or Error (Organize Programs) are three major strengths that can be applied to current or future educational environment. The adult education theories and the case studies will significantly increase my level of practical understanding. Moreover, this educational process will help me create knowledge, skills

Funeral Oration and Old Oligarch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Funeral Oration and Old Oligarch - Essay Example In the wake of the Peloponnesian War, scores of Athenian soldiers were pressed into duty who they readily endured the hardships of warfare. Though acknowledging their bravery and sense of duty, Pericles notes that one individual’s words cannot sufficiently capture the magnitude of their feat. Pericles goes on to mention how the very foundation of the Athenian kingdom was based on valour and patriotism. He cites the example of martyrs from previous generations to identify this tradition. Pericles assures the audience that the great courage exhibited and the great human loss thus incurred was not in vain. The city of Athens is a crown jewel of civilization and culture. According to Pericles, the endeavour to protect the sanctity of this great city from marauding invaders was a noble project, for, in consequence, it protects the institutions of democracy within the city. His elogà © then is not just for the recently martyred, but also for their exemplary forbears and the proud democratic traditions that the city stands for. He concludes his speech by exhorting the audience to live up to the standards of the martyrs as well as uphold the spirit of democracy that Athens has become synonymous with. The Old Oligarch takes a totally different view of Athens, especially its Constitution. He reckons that democracy can easily lead to mob-rule. The author believes that the aristocracy is endowed by nature with qualities necessary for leadership. Taking away the reigns from them could so easily lead to disintegration of law and order. Their privilege in acquiring sound education is a valuable asset for statecraft. Likewise, the material abundance into which the aristocracy are born lends them skills for managing the economy of the city. Pseudo-Xenophon worries that if the poor are given a voice in public affairs the natural order of the

Art of the renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art of the renaissance - Essay Example I am trying to persuade one of my patrons to support these young men and so it was a fortunate coincidence that allowed me to come and view your works at the same time. I very much enjoyed my visit to that quaint little corner of the city behind the Cathedral of San Marco. It was most interesting to see the new works that Fra Angelico is doing for the monks there and I do believe that they will soon be finished. I don’t expect you will be permitted to view them, my dear, because the monks will hardly be prepared to open their doors to even one so beautiful as you, on the grounds that you are a women and hence forbidden to enter their hallowed rooms. I do assure you, however, that Fra Angelico’s frescoes are magnificent and truly a masterpiece worthy of this fine city of ours. I happened to meet him when I was coming out of the tavern, and he says that there has never been a more glorious time or place for art than our beloved Florence at the present time. When I told hi m that I was coming to see your paintings, he was most intrigued and informed me that he had indeed spied one or two young women carrying easel and paints and setting out their wares for sale at the marketplace alongside the boys. My how times have changed since my youth! I always have fond memories of your innocence and beauty since the days when I used to visit your father so many years ago. Your mama told me that one day you would be married to young Giovanni and live in that beautiful house by the lagoon. It is so very pleasing to see you all grown up and experimenting with art in your spare time now that you have settled down to married life. I expect that you have very little time for painting now, what with all your wifely duties, and so it is all the more fitting that you should have a chance to hang your paintings in public just for once before you have a family. I must say that I found your paintings delightful in their naive and honest depiction of womanly habits. Your ap preciation of the intricacies of female dress gave me a glimpse of the lady’s dressing room, and I am sure no man could have captured the mood of these scenes quite as well as you have managed it. Of course, there are some technical points that you have yet to learn, but I feel that I can excuse some such faults in your composition because you have not had the benefit of formal tuition in the way that my young Florentine apprentices have had. They will one day astonish us all with their brilliance, because they can match the power of the imagination with the skill acquired through long training at the feet of master artists. But you, my dear, have studied your subject well, and your pictures will no doubt be very useful as gifts to your adoring friends and family who will adorn the walls of their private spaces with your little oeuvres. I was particularly impressed with your copies of the work of Michelangelo. I expect that he will one day be revered across the whole of Europ e, because he captures the spirit of our age so perfectly. You would do well to copy his work more in the future, if you have time to continue your hobby, because he will teach you so many wonderful things about space, and proportion and texture – things that you could have learned about if you had been a man. As it

Too long to write adding it in a word document Essay

Too long to write adding it in a word document - Essay Example John Sanford, a case the Court had decided 16 years earlier.1 The two cases seem to have little in common. Dred Scott addressed certain controversial issues about race, including that slaves and their descendents could never be U.S. citizens. It had nothing to do with Louisiana or meatpacking, nor at the time of the ruling had the 13th and 14th Amendments yet been proposed, much less adopted. So the circumstances of the two cases seem unconnected.2 But scholars such as Hiroshi Fukurai note that the Slaughterhouse Court was able to connect the two cases â€Å"due to the passage of the 14th Amendment.†3 That Amendment had been adopted in 1868, 11 years after the 1857 Dred Scott ruling and five years before Slaughterhouse, but the Supreme Court had not yet had an opportunity to interpret its meaning. Slaughterhouse presented the first opportunity, and thereby also created a path for the Court to revisit Dred Scott. The result was the Slaughterhouse Court declared Dred Scott to have been overruled five years earlier by the first clause in the 14th Amendment, which â€Å"declared [the negro] to be a citizen of the United States.†4 As summarized by Donald Lively, â€Å"Five years after the [14th] amendment’s adoption, the Supreme Court seized an opportunity [in Slaughterhouse] to pass its own judgment on the extent to which state power and interests had been federalized.†5 In short, although it took several years, the Court in Slaughterhouse finally could return to Dred Scott via the path created by the 14th Amendment and, in so doing, substantially overturned it.6 During the U.S. Senate hearings on John Roberts’s nomination to be Chief Justice, he was asked what the Court should consider before overturning a prior case. Roberts replied that â€Å"it is a jolt to the legal system to overrule a precedent† and listed several cautionary considerations. Nevertheless, he had earlier characterized Dred Scott as

How the Digital World May Change Essay Example for Free

How the Digital World May Change Essay The rapidly changing societies with constantly improving technology and occurrence of social digital technologies dramatically changed the way people communicate and interact with each other making them either â€Å"digital natives†, â€Å"digital residents†, â€Å"digital immigrants† or â€Å"digital visitors† based on their generation or familiarization with technology. More and more people today perceive the world as the complicated and mature network of computerized and online applications that help to communicate, search for, exchange and share information, make business with international partners, play games on distance, and many other purposes. Though, the question is whether digital natives and digital residents are the same in their perception of the world, behavior and life habits in the future? Behavior of Digital Residents Since personally I was born before 1994, I am related to the category of digital residents, who were born before the occurrence of social digital technologies. Such people like me learnt the computer and Internet-related skills either in schools or universities and have an opportunity to compare life and perception of the world before and after the digital world. Despite I am not a digital native, my behavior as a digital resident is already influenced by numerous technologies I am using daily like cell phone, computer, DVD player, iPod, etc. With occurrence of cell phones, for example, people became more flexible and mobile in their behavior, actions, plans and ability to communicate with their family members, friends and colleagues. Moreover, many people combine conversations by cell phone with other activities like cleaning the house, working on the computer, shopping or driving a car (Palfrey and Gasser, 2008). Recently more and more people, including me, prefer to make their personal or business calls while driving to the office, shop or gym. It might be a good way to use time efficiently, though at the same time might cause problems and distract a person from driving and being careful on the road. In one of his first video chapters Robert Schrag (2010) addressed exactly this issue when young people got used to talk by phone and type text messages while driving. Though, the main difference in such behavior between digital natives and digital residents is that the last ones are more careful, reasonable and less dependent on the technologies than digital natives are (Palfrey and Gasser, 2008). It might sound crazy, but computers, cell phones and other technology-related products became a mandatory and integral daily part of their lives. While as a digital resident I am less dependent, or better to say, obsessed with technology, the changing world of education and business requires being constantly aware and familiar with the latest technologies, either to learn the updated and useful information for my personal and professional development or to keep pace with younger people whose knowledge of languages, computers and technology-related applications make them more competitive at the labor market. Conclusion  As for the future behavior as a digital resident, it is rather hard to predict since more and more innovations enter our lives. For example, nowadays a debate exists concerning two main issues: human cloning and brain chips. Personally, I do not support either of these ideas since with their occurrence and legacy people will be controlled by those who created such innovations while the human being is independent self-thinker who is responsible for his/her own actions, has personal wishes and dreams and is unpredictable in his/her behavior. While digital world gives me more and more opportunity to learn the world and communicate with other people, at the same time it controls me more and more shaping my behavior in the way innovators and digital world creators want. I personally think that technology should be wisely and within certain limits without suppressing and eliminating the natural things and personal communication between people.

A Personal Development Plan of a student in the UK

A Personal Development Plan of a student in the UK After successfully gained admission to study for my doctoral programme at Greenwich School of Management London (GSML) one of the recognised institutions in the United Kingdom (UK). I have set up a Personal Development Plan (PDP) that will improve my personal and professional Skills which are required in meeting organisational and my personal goals. If the PDP is well implemented and well monitored; it should help to improve and develop new skills that will tackle problems associated with my research topic, improve my communication skills and to make a good value judgment, improve my leadership and managerial skills, and improve skills that will meet future challenges and enhance employment opportunities. When planning my PDP, I allowed objectivity to prevail in assessing my skills which helps me to come up with clear personal skills audit and then developed a simple action plan. It also helps me to identify my true nature of learning style. The PDP was reviewed on regular basis to reflect on my personal development needs and then assessed the progress that I have achieved to date by comparing it with target goals. The PDP was divided into three phases; short, medium and long term goals so that I can easily evaluate the extent to which I develop my personal skills and achieved my goals. What is Personal Development Plan (PDP)? PDP is a process of writing a short clear plan that sketches out a persons plan probably for a year in order to assess (strength and weakness), to develop skills that require development and to evaluate progress in line with targeted goals. For PDP to be effective, it must meet personal development cycle: state the purpose for development; perform personal skills audit to identify the areas (skills) that need development; formulate action plan that cover the needed skills; record and monitor all the activities involve; and review and evaluate the progress in line with targeted goals. PERSONAL SKILLS AUDIT Personal skills audit is a process of sincere identification and evaluation of someones strengths, weaknesses and areas for development. The outcomes of my personal skills audit are stated below: Computer application skills Information seeking skills Communication skills (verbal and writing skills) Numerical and Analytical skills Selecting and Training the necessary staff Stress management skills Teamwork skills Decision taking skills Organisation management After conducting the personal skills audit, I was able to recognise my strengths, weakness and areas that need more attention. I have decided to close the learning gap through critical action plan. The action plan grid below was designed purposely to know more about my skills and develop myself for future challenges that will help me too in tackle problems associated with my doctoral studies and enhance my employment opportunity. ACTION PLAN-detailed SKILLS AREA I AM ABLE TO DO THIS VERY WELL I CAN DO IT BUT I NEED MORE TRAINING I AM NOT ABLE TO DO THIS PRIORITY FOR THIS SKILL 1=highly important 2= important 3=not important COMPUTER APPLICATION SKILLS I know how to use all computer applications to provide solutions to my research topic and organisational problems I know how to use Network programme to pass necessary information to my colleagues and across all levels I am able to use computer applications to capture the interest of fellow researchers or work colleagues in an organisation I can use computer applications to make my work unique and organise my work effectively INFORMATION SEEKING SKILLS I know how to find a specific material (journal or book) in the library by using electronic or on-line catalogue I know how to use different or variety of sources to find useful information (e.g. text book, journals, electronic resources, CD-ROMs) I know how to get information from people either through conversation or interview I know how to evaluate and select the useful information from gathered materials COMMUNICATION SKILLS-writing and verbal skills I know how to analyse my research problems and determine what is expected to be done I know the difference between organisational reports and publication journals I know how to make a written plan to answer my research questions and other related problems (including organisational problems) I know that I have the ability and confident to express my views (or opinion) clearly both verbal and in written form I can adapt my writing styles to meet international publication requirements I know the importance of reference in research studies to avoid plagiarism I can speak confidently in front of audience or colleagues I know how to prepare and deliver a presentation to capture the attention of the audience I know how to use visual aids to enhance my presentation I understand the principle of two ways communication by listen to and appreciate the views of others SELECTING TRAINING THE NECESSARY STAFF I have a strategy for identifying and selecting staff that due for training I know how to use different training techniques for staff development I can make effective changes when training colleagues or staff I can make effective notes when listening and interviewing staff (e.g. during training assessment) I have a strategy of giving feedback recommendations to colleagues (team members) and organisation NUMERICAL ANALYTICAL SKILLS I am able to make simple calculations without assistance from others I know how to present and apply numerical material to form useful information that will capture the mind of the audience I know how to use a variety of numerical and statistical techniques (e.g. fractions, decimals, charts, regression) to solve problems I know how to present and analyse information in graphs and illustrations without assistance from others STRESS MANAGEMENT I know what causes stress to my colleagues and I I am aware of my personal and colleagues symptoms of stress I can use strategies to help me cope with my stress I am able to understand the concept of Emotional Competence I am able to apply it to assist my team in solving pressure at work TEAMWORK SKILLS I am able to / I can lead a team I participate well as a member of a group or team I am able to listen and appreciate the views of others I enjoy group work so that we can share my responsibility/task among us I always/I am able to make significant contribution in group work to achieve organisational targets/objectives DECISION MAKING SKILLS I can easily look around the business environment and recognize the issues that need attention or tap resources available I am able to assess changes /situations to know if I have chosen the appropriate strategy to solve problem I can decide without bias who need to be brought into the decision making I am able to handle differences in opinion especially on sensitive issue I can solve work related problem over a specific time The team and I will be able to monitor the decision making process and the feedback from people I am good in decision taking ORGANIZATION OF LEARNING I have strategies that will help me to plan, manage my colleagues and time I am able to work and achieve my goals to deadlines I am aware of what makes my person organization skills more effective My Learning Style The Personal Development Plan has helped me to realize my learning style and how to exploit my potentials. Many Educationists realized that we learn in different ways and we are able to assimilate information and respond to training base on our learning style. One widely acceptable categorization of different learning styles is that provided by Honey and Mumford which identify four different characters with quite different preferred learning styles; the Activist, the Pragmatist, the Reflector and the Theorist. Diagnostic tests exist to establish which learning style is most appropriate for us and to help us develop an action plan to develop our learning skills. After passing through the four learning style tests, I realized that I am pragmatic in nature-Pragmatist but also have some instinct of Activist in my approach to life. Definitions and descriptors of the Pragmatist were stated below: Definition Descriptors Pragmatist A pragmatist is a practical person who likes to solve problems. They enjoy experimenting to improve techniques. They frequently come up with the answer to a problem. Their only interest in theories is to be seen if they work in practice. They dislike situations where there is no clear, practical come. Pragmatists learn well when: They are expected to make practical decisions Timescales are tight They must (quickly) find better ways to do things Learning from proven good practice Learning from examples and the expertise of others They are expected to plan the next step. Pragmatists will particularly benefitfrom training which involves simulations and case studies. Pragmatists learn less well when: They are expected to come up with new ideas themselves The practical relevance of what they are doing is unclear They are expected to work out why a technique works (i.e. reflect on it) A Pragmatistsis constantly searching for the most efficient way to open a package. Whilst opening their presents they will enjoy experimenting with different methods of unwrapping. After critical personal development plan with objectivity, I have able to understand my nature properly and which helps me to know my learning style. I have used outcomes of these personal development plan and critical analysis on learning style to utilise all available resources within my environment and also set up a monitoring techniques for the following reasons; that will help me to update myself, help me to meet target (target goals and date), monitor my progress and use as a scale for measuring the efficient use of available resources. Conclusion, the impact of learning styles on personal development can be viewed as follows; ability to identify personal goals, ability to make good judgement on our strengths and weaknesses for development, ability to be conscious of opportunities and threat within our environment, ability to plan for personal development, ability to help others to recognise their potentials, ability to accelerate your learning as you undertake activities that best fit your preferred style and helps to avoid repeating mistakes by undertaking activities that strengthen other styles. With this action plan grid, I will be able to develop myself for multitasking jobs and be effective in my role. My Personal Development Plan (PDP) Short-Term Personal Development Plan It is a short-term personal development plan because it covers plan and goals that can be achieved within one year or less. This is my short-term plan and objectives: To acquire good leadership skills training To acquire more communication skills training (both writing and verbal) To acquire good team relationship within the organisation To develop good decision-making skills Target completion: from August 30, 2008 to June 30, 2009 In short-term plan, I will move back to Ireland to continue working for Lidl Ireland GmbH and then apply for Internal Vacancy Opportunity (Supervisor) that encourages staff to move up within the organisation. My MBA degree will open many chances within the organisation. I will like to start from Supervising but my target is Store Manager. Within this period as a Supervisor in my Store, I will use all avenues to acquire the above listed skills which are very easy to achieve because of my new role in the stores. As a supervisor, I will be attending variety of leadership trainings which will help me to acquire good leadership skills for myself and also useful to the organisation because I will be able to carry out my duty effectively. This new role will help me to improve in my communication skills (both in writing and verbal skills). As a supervisor, I will be writing reports on daily activities during work shift and also improve my verbal communication skills because the position will give me much opportunity to communicate with many people (colleagues and customers). Supervising role will help me to acquire good team relationship skills and ability to make good decisions. At the end of June 30, 2009, I should be able to meet all my targets and then evaluate the skills acquired if it meets the expected level. Medium-Term Personal Development Plan This plan is to consolidate on my previous objectives and achievements. It will serves as roll over which cover the gap in short-term success after critical skills audit. The medium-term personal development plan focus more on professional skills and it includes the followings; Ability to support others Ability to inspire and motivate staff/colleagues Ability to delegate responsibilities and monitor it Ability to analyse information and make good decision and recommendation Ability to write reports Within this stage of my plan, I should be able to apply for Store Manager Position in one of the stores own by Lidl Group after a critical personal skills audit. I should be able to display that I am competent to Stand Out at assessment centre and display a good leadership skills. My qualifications and experience and training acquired during my MBA programme will contribute to my success. At the end of this stage, I should be able to demonstrate all the abilities mentioned above (including the short-term development plan). The issue of Work Permit will be solved at the stage because the Company will be willing to retain me base on the experience have acquired. Lidl will not like to lose any of their staff that has been added as a part of their Assets. The position of Store Manager also provides opportunity for me to earn up to salary that is required as a prerequisite to Work Permit. Target completion: Dec 31, 2011 (this include the short-term development plan) Long-Term Personal Development Plan Since my long-term development plan is to be a Store Manager which will give the opportunity to achieve the ultimate goals of becoming the District Manager. Before the end of 2013 all the goals/objectives must be accomplished without any detriment to organisational goals. I must be able to achieve the followings; Display leadership skills that will be helpful in motivating, leading and supporting colleagues. Apply good communication skills that enhance decision making, analysing situation and problem, and writing reports for the organisation that provide constructive feedback on ideas to team and individual. Display skills that develop trust and confidence in the mind of people and help me to handle many responsibilities. I will make sure that all these goals are review annually with objective mind and check if each goal has been achieved at the expected (target completion) date. It will take four years to accomplish these tasks without becoming too overwhelming or distant. I drafted this PDP to be useful as a career plan so that I can use it as a process for carrying out an in-year assessment of my strengths, weaknesses, and development needs. Habits that need to be value for Future Purpose I have developed some useful habits that will be useful to my future learning which are clearly spelled out and they are very simple to be inculcated into my day to day activities to achieve best results in all my endeavors. These following habits were developed: Use training activities constructively. After each training course, I will try to note answers to the following questions; What did I learn? What skills were gained? What will I do differently as a result of this learning? When will I have an opportunity to practice these new skills or put my new knowledge into practice? Keep a Reflective Diary. This diary will help me to think about my experiences and feelings as I try to develop and put new skills into practice. It will help me to produce evidence of new skills and approaches at work. This diary shows absolute honest of how I feel. Maintain a portfolio. I will keep all copies of any records that identify my development activities and achievement such as; certificate s from courses attended any email or notes from colleagues who demonstrate my skills in relevant areas, and my personal development plan. Conclusion, my Personal Development Plan was designed in a way that it is simple, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and timely target. The PDP can be meaningful if objectivity takes its course. I have tried to be honest in my PDP not to be overwhelmed with unrealistic target but with determination, commitment and prayer all these goals can be achieved. In order for this plan to useful, it will be reviewed frequently to meet present and future needs, and monitoring mechanism was in place. My Learning Style The Personal Development Plan has helped me to realize my learning style and how to exploit my potentials. Many Educationists realized that we learn in different ways and we are able to assimilate information and respond to training base on our learning style. One widely acceptable categorization of different learning styles is that provided by Honey and Mumford which identify four different characters with quite different preferred learning styles; the Activist, the Pragmatist, the Reflector and the Theorist. Diagnostic tests exist to establish which learning style is most appropriate for us and to help us develop an action plan to develop our learning skills. After passing through the four learning style tests, I realized that I am pragmatic in nature-Pragmatist but also have some instinct of Activist in my approach to life. Definitions and descriptors of the Pragmatist were stated below: Definition Descriptors Pragmatist A pragmatist is a practical person who likes to solve problems. They enjoy experimenting to improve techniques. They frequently come up with the answer to a problem. Their only interest in theories is to be seen if they work in practice. They dislike situations where there is no clear, practical come. Pragmatists learn well when: They are expected to make practical decisions Timescales are tight They must (quickly) find better ways to do things Learning from proven good practice Learning from examples and the expertise of others They are expected to plan the next step. Pragmatists will particularly benefitfrom training which involves simulations and case studies. Pragmatists learn less well when: They are expected to come up with new ideas themselves The practical relevance of what they are doing is unclear They are expected to work out why a technique works (i.e. reflect on it) A Pragmatistsis constantly searching for the most efficient way to open a package. Whilst opening their presents they will enjoy experimenting with different methods of unwrapping. After critical personal development plan with objectivity, I have able to understand my nature properly and which helps me to know my learning style. I have used outcomes of these personal development plan and critical analysis on learning style to utilise all available resources within my environment and also set up a monitoring techniques for the following reasons; that will help me to update myself, help me to meet target (target goals and date), monitor my progress and use as a scale for measuring the efficient use of available resources. Conclusion, the impact of learning styles on personal development can be viewed as follows; ability to identify personal goals, ability to make good judgement on our strengths and weaknesses for development, ability to be conscious of opportunities and threat within our environment, ability to plan for personal development, ability to help others to recognise their potentials, ability to accelerate your learning as you undertake activities that best fit your preferred style and helps to avoid repeating mistakes by undertaking activities that strengthen other styles. With this action plan grid, I will be able to develop myself for multitasking jobs and be effective in my role.

Police discretion is essential part of policing

Police discretion is essential part of policing Police discretion is a constant consideration within Police services. It is seen by many to be both an essential part of policing as well as a constant source of issues. Issues such as the potential for racism, sexism and socialism are ever-present in everyday policing. This essay will look at both the over policing of some areas of the law, such as public order offences and the under policing of other areas, such as domestic violence matters. It will look at why these issues are present and what has been implemented to try and tackle the problem. The ability for Police to use discretion has a lot of positive aspects. According to Reiner (2000 as cited in Rowe, 2007), the lack of resources in some situations mean that not every infringement on the law will be enforced and that even if the relevant law was precise there would still be variations in the interpretation. This makes discretion an important and inevitable part of modern policing. Discretion also gives police the ability to take alternative action with some minor matters such as public disorder offences. When circumstances surrounding offences are taken into account, discretion can and should be considered in many of these cases. To explain some of the issues surrounding public order offences lets consider this scenario. A young male is in town with some friends. He has recently come of age and is quite intoxicated by alcohol. As often happens with young males, the alcohol causes him to lose inhibition and he gets a bit noisy, possibly a bit aggressive and is bringing attention to himself with both other members of the public as well as Police. He is seen by Police and taken aside. He is cooperative with the officers and subsequent checks revealed that the young man has not come to police attention before but is far to intoxicated to remain in the current situation. At this point the officer has two options, Either arrest him and make him sleep it off in the cells, possibly leaving him with a criminal record, or they could put him in a taxi and get him home, leaving him with nothing more then a hangover and a bit of a wake up call for his behaviour. Either one of these options is going to achieve the same basic result, getting the young man out of the current situation and therefore keeping disorder to a minimum. Research has suggested that Police are more likely to use discretion a lot less often in situations like these. According to Edwards (1998), Police officers have greater freedom with public offences in that they are often the witnesses and sole evidence suppliers. This means that, while others who are drinking alcohol in town may not be offended or simply dont care about the young mans behaviour or they dont see the behaviour of an individual as disorderly, a police officer may see otherwise. The subjective view of the officer will come into play and the offender will likely be arrested. From this example, the use of the officers discretion is probably the best course of action as the likely outcome from a court hearing will be Police diversion, in which the charge will be withdrawn as a second chance. However, on the other side of the argument is that, there are likely to be many onlookers and they are all interested to see the outcome. If police decide to use discretion, that this may be seen to be the soft option and therefore undermining the authority of the police. This may lead to others thinking they can get away with disorderly behaviour and the Police in the area may lose control. However, if the situation is such that the young man, in his youthful exuberance, is uncooperative with police, this opens up a new issue which is commonly referred to the attitude test, whereby a bad attitude will see the use of discretion a more and more remote possibility. It is widely reported that there is a higher rate of arrest where the distain and aggression has been directed at police and caused the arrest to occur for other reasons then the greater public good. Therein lays one of the fundamental flaws with police discretion. It gives an individual officer the ability to let personal beliefs and objectives control their willingness to give discretion. Reiner (2000 as cited in CRIM215 course notes, Module 3, pg 50) has found that the group most likely to be targeted by the police are young, black and of a poorer socio-economic background. Coupled with this is the statistics that Maori have a larger youth population and are therefore more likely to be seen in public. Over 34 percent of Maori were under 15 years old in 1997, which is approximately twice that of the European population (New Zealand Statistics, 1997 as cited in CRIM215 course notes, 2010, Module 3). According to his research, Borrero (2001 as cited in CRIM215 course notes, 2010, Module 3) suggests that young people are more likely to have adverse feelings about the police. This may be due to the perception that youth are more likely to commit offences. According to a study by White and Perrone (1997), of 383 young people, nearly all of them had been stopped by the police while in public and half of them were taken to the police station for some reason. That is a high percentage of contact and is perhaps anecdotal evidence that the perception of youth offending is present in policing. With the high level of police interaction with young people, it is interesting to note the types of crime recorded by police for this group. Maxwell and Morris (1999 as cited in CRIM215 course notes, 2010, Module 3) found that only 10 percent of crimes committed by youth related to violence and three quarters related to dishonesty and property damage. This study is now over ten years old but its findings are still relevant in todays youth, many youths will see disorder and property damage as more of a laugh and violence is not a desired trait or fun thing to do. Family violence situations often fall prey to relaxed decision making with regard to using discretion. Often times when police were called to such an incident it was commonly thought to be someone elses responsibility and not real police work. Historically and according to White and Perrone (1997), Domestic violence was considered to be a hands off area when police were involved. It was considered to be a private matter and best dealt with by the family. This attitude is, for the most part, waning as a result of improved legislation and police attitude towards domestic violence as well as the increasing advertisements denouncing domestic violence. Most domestic violence callouts are a result of the victim or a witness calling police instead of Police actively seeking and patrolling. This is the reason that this type of crime generally goes under policed as opposed to more commonly found crimes such as street disorder and traffic related matters. Edwards (1989) also says that Police w ill often not make an arrest in a Domestic violence matter regardless of the facts that it may be warranted and prudent in the situation. To present a comparison to this point, it would be more likely that if two people are fighting in a public area, and are found by Police or it is reported by onlookers, and then it is more likely that they will be arrested then if they were fighting behind closed doors so to speak. Other research suggests that Police often refer to their own beliefs and judgments of the situation to make decisions of discretion instead of relying solely on the facts and evidence at hand. Edwards 1989) this means that that officers individual perception of the problem will influence the decision made. The issue with this is that, a crime may go unpunished purely because the officer might believe that he she provoked the other and that if the offenders attitude towards the officer is favourable, then discretion is appropriate. Likewise, personally beliefs about race and socio-economic status are used as markers for a result. Edwards (1989). Edwards (1989) goes on to say that Police may be less inclined to offer adequate assistance to women who are black or women from poorer backgrounds as well as those who offer some resistance to the attending Police. For example often family violence situations carry a high level of stress and aggression and the woman who has just been violentl y assaulted may direct some of her anger and perhaps for lack of a better word helplessness of the situation at attending Police. Edwards (1989). Evidence from New Zealand research shows this trend for Police to downplay the violence within domestic matters. Cross and Newbold (2010, as cited in CRIM215 course notes, 2010, Module 3), found that of the calls that violence and assaults occurred, only 20% of these matters resulted in an arrest. Further to this, when the victim received some tangible form of injury, still only 44% of these cases resulted on an arrest. What is interesting about these statistics is that in 1990 New Zealand Police introduced a policy whereby if an offence was disclosed and evidence exists to support that charge, then the offender must be arrested and brought before the courts. This directive was put in place due to the negative impact it was having on the Police service when officers were overusing their discretionary powers. CRIM215 course notes, (2010) .The system however still allows for Officers to reach an interim conclusion for all parties as often the victim does not want any action taken for f ear of retribution from the offender, remember that this type of violence more often than not involves husband and wife and defacto partner relationships and children are often present. On some occasions the decision not to arrest at the time or to gloss over the assaultive nature of some events simply because it may be more productive to allow outside agencies to help guide the victim to seek help such as Protection orders, family counselling and anger management among other options. It is also important to note that some victims have already had, in some cases, extensive dealings with police. They may have a dislike for the police and be uncooperative with Police but they may be more likely to respond to help offered by the other agencies, such as Womans refuge and victim support. As Walklate (2001) points out, by arresting a person, this must prove to be a deterrent and if there is a fear of retribution against the victim, then the arrest will only serve to get the person away fo r a short time and may in fact make a peaceful resolution more difficult. In CRIM215 course notes, (2010, pg 13) three disadvantages to the mandatory arrest policy are listed. One of those relates to the above mentioned retaliation of the offender. Another provides a scenario that Police encounter in many cases. The victim does not always want the offender arrested, they simply wan the violence to stop. It also must be noted that when the victim does not want any action and in some cases wasnt even aware that the police had been called. This puts the officers in a difficult situation if for instance the victim is injured and it is clear that it we a result of an assault, that without the early assistance of the victim, a successful prosecution is extremely unlikely. These situations are where other outside supporting agencies may be able to obtain a better result for the victim. What this essay shows is that while police discretion can be overused in some instances there are and will continue to be evolving thought on the effectiveness of the police discretion system. It also shows that for Police discretion to work effectively, policy must continue to be updated so that the personal beliefs of individual police officers cannot become the driving force behind their decision making, instead ensuring that common sense is the only non mandated thought process that enters into decision making.

The Romance Of Lace :: essays research papers

The Romance of Lace   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps it's the touch of romance it adds. Or the way light filters through it, suffused and softened. For others, it reminds them of the home of a beloved grandmother or a gentler time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The delicate threads, twisted and knotted, become a work of art, whether they are draped over a table or hanging in a window.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In its broadest definition, lace actually refers to any openwork techniques that could include weaving, crochet or knitting. However, there are some needlework techniques that create only openwork. These are needle lace and bobbin lace. Needle lace is a single thread worked by looping, twisting and knotting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bobbin lace is created by multiple threads wound on a hand-held bobbin and affixed to a pillow with pins. (This is also referred to as pillow lace by some.) Bobbin lace is more like weaving while needle lace is more like sewing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'There has always been an interest in lace but in the past few years, it has gained popularity,'; said Judy Tackett, owner and manager of Attic Delights, an Orange-based antique shop that specializes in vintage lace and linens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, Tackett sees laces for a variety of uses: doilies, tablecloths, pillow cases, collars, gloves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'People are once again beginning to appreciate the intricacy and workmanship of lace,'; said Tackett.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ways lace is used today might surprise some of its creators. Lace hankies are used as curtains hanging from a ribbon or clothesline. Or they're used as decorative elements on pillows…or sewed together to form quilts or coverlets. Some use them to trim cabinets, adding a touch or elegance or softness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even items of clothing, particularly baby clothes, have found a second life as design elements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'A lot of people like baby clothes to hang in nurseries or to add a touch of softness or whimsy to a room,'; Tackett said. 'There's something comforting about a delicate gown or bonnet hanging near a window or on a hook.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In one instance, a woman came into Tackett's shop and spotted a pinafore that was almost an exact copy of a dress her sister had worn as a child. The woman bought it and displayed it in a shadow box along with an old snapshot taken of her sister wearing the pinafore.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately, lace making may quite possibly become a lost art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  'It's a very exacting and time-consuming process,'; said Tackett. 'Unfortunately, many of us don't have the time or patience.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fortunately, there are still many pieces of fine quality lace available.

Physics of Music Essay example -- physics music sound

"He who understands nothing but chemistry does not truly understand chemistry either" Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1742-1799) Music is not purely a form of art. There is a great deal of science that goes behind the production of beautiful musical sounds. In order to understand how music is possible, one must have an understanding of physics. Physics allows us to create musical instruments with different tone qualities and the ability to be played in a certain way to produce a specific pitch or note. Music is sound, and sound is vibrations or waves that are at the right frequency to be perceived by the human ear. Audible vibrations are waves with a frequency between 16 and 20,000 vibrations per second. So what causes sound waves? Sound waves are caused by a disturbance in an elastic medium. These can include the strings on a violin, the reed on a clarinet, and even the human vocal cords. Click on the links below to discover how science makes it possible to create a variety of musical sounds. Stringed instruments produce sound when an action such as plucking or bowing causes them to vibrate. When a string is fixed at both ends, two transverse waves will move from the left and right side of the disturbance. When the waves hit the fixed ends of the string, they bounce back and continue to vibrate until they are eventually stopped by friction and "leaks" through the fixed points. It can be proved with mathematics that standing waves are the only stable vibrations that are possible for a string with two fixed ends. Because these waves are standing waves, the only possible wavelengths are found by 2L/n, where L is the length of the string and n is the harmonic number, which is can be any integer describing the mode of the stret... ...of valves that attach to additional tubing. When the valves are pressed additional lengths of tubing are inserted into the airway of the horn to lower the pitch. Bibliography Askill, John. Physics of Musical Sounds. Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. 1979. Fletcher, Neville H. and Rossing, Thomas D. The Physics of Musical Instruments. Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1991. Harder, Paul O. and Steinke, Greg A. Basic Materials in Music Theory. Prentice Hall. 2000. Levarie, Siegmund and Levy, Ernst. Tone: A Study in Musical Acoustics. Kent State University Press. 1968. Roederer, Juan G. The Physics and Psychophysics of Music: An Introduction. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1995. Serway, Raymond A. and Beichner, Robert J. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. Thomson Learning, Inc. 2000.

British Entrepreneurs and the decline of the British economy :: European Europe History

British Entrepreneurs and the decline of the British economy Was the British entrepreneur the most important single reason for the relative decline of the British economy in the late nineteenth century? Despite a continued growth of production and wealth in absolute terms, the economy of "the first industrial nation" began to decelerate after 1870, in comparison with that of her closest competitors. This so called "decline" was caused by a number of factors not merely one as the question suggests, indeed Supple` s foreword (1) asks, "Are we to be concerned with the rate of growth of total income or of manufacturing output? Above all, by what standards do we assess `failure` or `success`?" Derek Aldcroft` s article, `The Entrepreneur and the British economy, 1870-1914 published in 1964 spearheaded the broad indictment of the British entrepreneur...(2)....... A/ They failed to adopt the best available techniques of production in many industries, ranging from ring-spinning and automatic weaving in cotton to the mechanical cutter and electrification of mines in coal. B/ They underestimated the growing importance of science, investing little in laboratories and technical personnel for research or for the effective exploitation of foreign research. C/ They over-invested in the old staple export industries such as cotton and iron, and were slow to move to the industries of the future such as chemicals, automobiles, and electrical engineering. D/ They were bad salesmen, especially abroad. E/ They were insufficiently aggressive in organising cartels to extract monopoly profits from the world a t large. I intend to investigate these areas, in addition to labour relations, education and the class system, as I feel that they have a distinct bearing on the late Victorian economic climate. The "technological retardist" theories are strongest in considering the erosion of "King Cotton` s" pre eminence, due in part to America` s competition and, the critics suggest, the British cotton manager` s lack of judgement. It is said that the slow adoption of the ring spindle in spinning, and the low uptake of the automatic loom in weaving seriously hampered those industries` competitive edge. The principle advantage of the ring spindle was it` s operation by unskilled female staff, whereas the traditional mule required skilled (mostly male) operatives, thus saving on labour costs. The disadvantage was that the ring needed more expensive cotton to make a given `fineness` or `count`. Given this information, replacement of old existing technology should only be undertaken if the total cost of the new technology is less than the variable cost of the old technique.

Puberty Blues Study

order of magnitude has changed dramatic all(prenominal)y since the 1970s, peculiar(a)ly for jejuners and the newer generations. Although in rough counsels it is calm blast similar. It seems the biggest impact on these changes all impart from technology. The introduction of the internet, unstable ph iodines and genial networking, in my eyes, has changed e realthing. The way families go across is one of the major(ip) engagements I absorb find aft(prenominal) reflection pubescence megrims, a television serial set in the 1970s, ab surface a series of families and teenagers making their way through and through life, puberty and problems they susceptibility encounter on a free-and-easy basis.The show previewed the way wad communicated with individually early(a), always utilize a voice. all they called severally opposite via home border, which meant tokenish privacy from your p atomic number 18nts. Or talking face-to-face In one scene, the family were sitting down to dinner when the phone kept ringing, her m separate, anticipate it was her best friend, utter it skunknister wait. It was indeed from a gnarl that it was established by the pargonnts that it was in particular a gallant calling for her.These forms of communication theory argon in it ego rare at once as a majority of teenagers and adolescents schoolbook or content each other and these port equal devices with locks and codes message maximum privacy. Today, we hear people on Facebook and other needionate networking sites. And its from these profiles that you lowlife establish galore(postnominal) things nearly a person and solve a initiatory judgement. Statistics show 34% of Australias nation with a Facebook cipher are of those between 13 and 24. non to mention the stretch forth of fake accounts and predators online that can groom assailable teenagers and drain ad hominem information out of them. groom during these two distinguishable periods of time are quite similar. banality groups were truly noniceable, the everyday kids ECT. For instance in the show, the North Cronulla teenagers were picked on and seen as weird, not as cool. You had the students who truanted, rebelled against their teachers although it was noticed how much ballyrag occurred back in the day, where as now, it is frowned upon, a majority of students are against it and will endure one-another. Another difference noticed was of turn onual familys, boyfriends and girlfriends, forebodings and demeanor.Knowledge about provoke and expectations has been lookt very divers(prenominal)ly in the past. School conjure up reading is serious, yet around of us learn belittled of what we survive about provoke from our schooling peculiarly in the 1970s. Were it appeared everything was learn from friends, from family whereas directly the media has an effect on our knowledge and recourses. professor Michael Reiss said the quest about kindle culture in the 7 0s By the scratching of the 1970s, school sex education was get-go to change significantly, no doubt mostly in reaction to the great hearty changes of the 1960s and 70s.Biology textbooks started to stomach fuller accounts of the humane reproductive systems, plot of land methods of contraception began to be taught to a greater extent widely. The fierceness was or soly on the provision of perfect information, and aims of sex education programmes include a decrease in ignorance, guilt, embarrassment and anxiety. Issues to do with consanguinitys were probably more often discussed in programmes of personal and social education, or their equivalents, kinda than in biological science lessons. In the quality of pubescence discolor the kindreds were based very much on sex life. The males had racy expectations of the females, it didnt seen to affect the kids (except well-nigh females) if they didnt talk or charter manoeuvre as it was all about internal activities. A maj ority of the males treated the girls frightfully and talked offencefully to their mate about their internal encounters. The girls would do anything to be accepted, to soak up a ethical kindred (although the standard of a decent relationship wasnt very towering).In the case of the protagonists in the series, they both began as regular students, in no particular group they were at first bullied by the cool kids. It was so that they started participating in dangerous activities secure when to fit in ( p at large(p)ing alcohol and fume), this wasnt quite catch military press, plainly on a lower floor the circumstances of deficient to fit in, they felt up it was necessary, which sadly worked for them. The pressure began aft(prenominal) they had been accepted and became romantic with other boys they were forced into sex by not only when the males unless the more belowgo girls in the group.The consequences that came with these actions included hurting their self res pect and frequent morals, sneaking rump parents backs that wouldnt pass and having to give their black-mailing sidekick fundaments to keep him quiet. They may have as well gained a written report in societies eyes, in particular other parents and their own. Today, relationships are entirely divers(prenominal) for teenagers. Yes in some cases there is an expectation for informal natural action down the lead but zilch immediate worry in Puberty blue devils.Its more important to have a healthy and authentic relationship, to be able to talk and have fun, enjoy each others company. I cant exactly speak on behalf of males but I in time tone there is a touch of disrespect towards women in impairment of the privacy of relationship details. According to Teens health the 7 necessities for a healthy relationship are- Mutual Respect, trust, honesty, support, candor/equality, separate identities and good communications which the relationships in Puberty Blues and even most straight off were wanting(p) some or a carry on of. Other run a risk taking behaviour included drink driving and skunk for adults too.At this stage in time, the severity and impacts heater can have on soul had not been specify or broadcasted compared to what it is today. The only restriction was to junior people, not that it halt them. Quote terry c disseverh Martin (article writer, 70s dope car) When I was a young smoker back in the mid 70s, attitudes about tobacco were a lot different than they are today. A person could light up precisely about anywhere, and while we all knew that cigarette smoking was godforsaken to our health, we were in the slanted ages about just how dangerous it really was.Smokers were accepted by society and smoking was tolerated to a item we cant fathom today. deglutition driving was similarly swept under the carpet, it wasnt seen as quite a big deal, whereas after(prenominal) many crashes and lives muddled over the eld, people start ed to spread ken and bring in stronger law enforcement into place. Lastly, medicine use was showed a lot on the series , notably by the teenage boys mainly smoking weed, as it is likewise quite pertinent still today in high school students. In both scenarios it has been and is still illegal although this clay to change little to the situation.Overall a lot has changed over the years, but this sense of ascension by the young generation carcass and will endure too. We can only hope that after seeing so much amelioratement over the years after watching Puberty Blues that we can treasure it and continue to improve it for years to come. http//www. socialbakers. com/facebook-statistics/australia http//www. open. edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/health-studies/brief-history-sex-education http//quitsmoking. about. com/od/antismokingresources/a/tobaccoepidemic. htmPuberty Blues StudySociety has changed dramatically since the 1970s, especially for teenagers and the newer generations. Although in some ways it is still similar. It seems the biggest impact on these changes all result from technology. The introduction of the internet, mobile phones and social networking, in my eyes, has changed everything. The way families communicate is one of the major differences I have noticed after watching Puberty Blues, a television series set in the 1970s, about a series of families and teenagers making their way through life, puberty and problems they might encounter on a daily basis.The show previewed the way people communicated with each other, always using a voice. Either they called each other via home phone, which meant minimum privacy from your parents. Or talking face-to-face In one scene, the family were sitting down to dinner when the phone kept ringing, her mother, assuming it was her best friend, said it can wait. It was then from a murmur that it was established by the parents that it was in fact a boyfriend calling for her.These forms of communications are in itself rare today as a majority of teenagers and adolescents text or message each other and these portable devices with locks and codes means maximum privacy. Today, we meet people on Facebook and other social networking sites. And its from these profiles that you can establish many things about a person and make a first judgement. Statistics show 34% of Australias population with a Facebook account are of those between 13 and 24. Not to mention the issue of fake accounts and predators online that can groom vulnerable teenagers and drain personal information out of them.School during these two different periods of time are quite similar. Cliche groups were very noticeable, the popular kids ECT. For instance in the show, the North Cronulla teenagers were picked on and seen as weird, not as cool. You had the students who truanted, rebelled against their teachers although it was noticed how much bullying occurred back in the day, where as now, it is frowned upon, a majority of students are against it and will defend one-another. Another difference noticed was of sexual relationships, boyfriends and girlfriends, expectations and behaviour.Knowledge about sex and expectations has been learnt very other than in the past. School sex education is important, yet most of us learn little of what we know about sex from our schooling especially in the 1970s. Were it appeared everything was learn from friends, from family whereas today the media has an effect on our knowledge and recourses. Professor Michael Reiss said the following about sex education in the 70s By the start of the 1970s, school sex education was beginning to change significantly, no doubt largely in response to the great social changes of the 1960s and 70s.Biology textbooks started to provide fuller accounts of the human reproductive systems, while methods of contraception began to be taught more widely. The emphasis was mostly on the provision of accurate information, and aims of sex education programmes included a decrease in ignorance, guilt, embarrassment and anxiety. Issues to do with relationships were probably more often discussed in programmes of personal and social education, or their equivalents, rather than in biology lessons. In the case of Puberty Blues the relationships were based very much on sex life. The males had high expectations of the females, it didnt seen to affect the kids (except some females) if they didnt talk or have fun as it was all about sexual activities. A majority of the males treated the girls horribly and talked disrespectfully to their mates about their sexual encounters. The girls would do anything to be accepted, to have a good relationship (although the standard of a decent relationship wasnt very high).In the case of the protagonists in the series, they both began as regular students, in no particular group they were at first bullied by the cool kids. It was then that they started participating in dangerous activities just to fit in (drinking alcohol and smoking), this wasnt quite peer pressure, but under the circumstances of wanting to fit in, they felt it was necessary, which sadly worked for them. The pressure began after they had been accepted and became romantic with other boys they were forced into sex by not only the males but the more experienced girls in the group.The consequences that came with these actions included hurting their self respect and general morals, sneaking behind parents backs that wouldnt approve and having to give their black-mailing brother cigarettes to keep him quiet. They may have also gained a reputation in societies eyes, especially other parents and their own. Today, relationships are entirely different for teenagers. Yes in some cases there is an expectation for sexual activity down the track but nothing immediate like in Puberty Blues.Its more important to have a healthy and trustworthy relationship, to be able to talk and have fun, enjoy each others company. I cant exactly speak on behalf of males but I still feel there is a touch of disrespect towards women in terms of the privacy of relationship details. According to Teens Health the 7 necessities for a healthy relationship are- Mutual Respect, trust, honesty, support, fairness/equality, separate identities and good communications which the relationships in Puberty Blues and even most today were lacking some or a lot of. Other risk taking behaviour included drink driving and smoking for adults too.At this stage in time, the severity and impacts smoking can have on someone had not been specified or broadcasted compared to what it is today. The only restriction was to younger people, not that it stopped them. Quote Terry Martin (article writer, 70s smoker) When I was a young smoker back in the mid 70s, attitudes about tobacco were a lot different than they are today. A person could light up just about anywhere, and while we all knew that cigarette smoking was hazardous to our health, we were in the dark ages about just how dangerous it really was.Smokers were accepted by society and smoking was tolerated to a degree we cant fathom today. Drink driving was also swept under the carpet, it wasnt seen as quite a big deal, whereas after many crashes and lives lost over the years, people started to spread awareness and bring in stronger law enforcement into place. Lastly, drug use was showed a lot on the series , notably by the teenage boys mainly smoking weed, as it is also quite relevant still today in high school students. In both scenarios it has been and is still illegal although this remains to change little to the situation.Overall a lot has changed over the years, but this sense of rebellion by the younger generation remains and will continue too. We can only hope that after seeing so much value over the years after watching Puberty Blues that we can appreciate it and continue to improve it for years to come. http//www. socialbakers. com/facebook-statistics/australia http//www. open . edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/health-studies/brief-history-sex-education http//quitsmoking. about. com/od/antismokingresources/a/tobaccoepidemic. htm

Human Resources Management †Downsizing Essay

I. psychiatric hospitalIn this era of globalisation, where the competition in the market has become drastic, human pileus is deemed to be the most important component part to the integration as well as schema of enterprises among each other factors (Waddel, Cummings, & Worley, 2007). Since retaining and sustaining men is undeniably of the essence(p) to corporate integration, information the trend and comprehending the pass on of employees is crucial to any enterprises survival. Taking scenario in Australia, the authors objective in this clause is to accentuate the importance of senior workers contri moreoverions to workplaces and employers argon suggested truthfully re-adjusting their posture and policies in instal to effectively implement the productivity of elder workers.II. Article abbreviationa. lookes MethodologyIn this term, secondary researches e.g. surveys, researches from others studies were utilize primarily. In terms of quantitative researches, the claus e mainly gathered info from Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Department of Education, Employment and work Relations (DEEWR) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and startgrowth (OECD). Its data lustiness can be strongly substantiated as both ABS and DEEWR atomic number 18 under the management of Australian governance and OECD is in addition a renowned multinational economic organisation which promotes economy and social well-being of people globally. Hence, its information validity is also confirmed. Noticeably, authors also use their knightly studies as references, for example, their paper Retaining and Sustaining the Competence of senior Workers An Australian Perspective, written in 2009. This raises the question active the credibility of much(prenominal) reference. Moreover, several references seem to be out-dated, for example, Sociology by Giddens in 1997, or the surveys data of McIntoshs paper in 2001.b. Significance of the FindingsThe findings in the hold atomic number 18 relatively clear and straightforward, yet what they rattling provide to readers are beyond mere(prenominal) facts. It is the broad knowledge that is provided allowing readers to come up with their own judgement about the issue. The hold first presents the idea to readers that an increasing kink of senior(a) workers will be flood tide up in the future due(p) to the shortage of young worker and the consequences of the fiscal crisis in the early 2008. It is true that because of such(prenominal) crisis, peoples superannuation is heavily affected and thus up to now elders will very likely try to go prickle to the labour market and meet for works (Bekaert & Hodrick, 2009). Nevertheless, what the authors aim to achieve is not unless to present the trend to the readers, besides to raise the employers awareness so that they do not look down to erstwhile(a) workers as last resorts as they will very likely become a major workforce in the future.The author s claimed that erstwhile(a) workers undoubtedly will become crucial to the Australia economy in the near future. and there is proof presented in the term that indicates the existence of the negativity of employers attitude toward ripened workers. This claim is also valid as according to a HR communicate from Thompson Reuters, a research was conducted and realized that only 25% of the number of employers being asked essay to convince Baby Boomers to stay back when they resigned, compared to 40% for coevals X and Generation Y (HR Report, 2008). On the other hand, the expression also provides to readers a completely opponent proof which shows that employers hold no sexual conquest against aged workers. Such claim is also substantiated by an clause by Forbes, in which, a survey of 500 hiring managers was conducted and resulted that 60% of hiring managers would likely to hire older workers, compared to 20% of those would hire Millenials, who were born just sooner the millenniu m, from 1981 through 2000 (Adams, 2012).III. Strength and Weakness/ point of accumulation of the obligec. The strength of the articleBasically, the article targets readers who are working in valet de chambre Re semens field. It has done its part by successfully conveying the idea to readers by employ sets of well organised evidences and firm hypothesises. The article also proposed a rational dodge that, according to the authors, would not only dish up employers to not waste human capital, merely also support the older employees employability by changing the attitude of employers in the workplace. The data and references used in the article were applicable to the discussed area. Each and every tale in the article is backed with credible sources therefore it makes readers feel confident and safe when they develop the knowledge from the article. On top of that, not only it provides evidences which support only its hypothesis, but also it provides evidences that are completely distant to its hypothesis, for example, the case in the study of McIntosh in 2001 where the attitude of employers toward older workers was not blackball at all. This helps readers to have broader view and shows that the authors were unbiased when writing this article. d. Weakness and Limitation of the articleSince the article was taking the scenario happening in Australia, its world-wide applicability is questionable. Although the article also uses hardly a(prenominal) foreign data, for example, McIntoshs research which was conducted with the U.Ss labour forces, it is still very limited. As mentioned, authors also used their part studies as references hence, this raises questions about such sources credibility. Furthermore, the year which the article was written was 2011, yet there are a few references that were written a long time ago, Sociology written by Giddens in 1997 is an example. This also raises the question about the sources up-to-date applicability. One of its strong p oints turns out to be its weakness. Each and every statement in the article is backed up with a study therefore it jolly gives readers a feeling that very few ideas in the article were original.IV. Conclusion fit in to (Waddel, Cummings, & Worley, 2007), in the process of globalisation, it requires enterprises to constantly line up and develop in the way that would maximise their intrinsic value. The article has shown readers the proof that older workers is one promising and valuable source of high-quality workforce, yet evidences show that a covey of employers are still age-biased. On that ground, it is recommended that employers should not take this matter lightly anymore. Instead, they are suggested starting to change their attitude toward the older worker, re-adjust the workplaces policies in order to maximize and sustain the productivity of older workers.Based on the hypothesis and findings of the article above, linking to the case study High Flyers, even though Silvertail is trying to build a newer and younger image, it should not get unloose of older cabin crew by persecuting and being harsh on them. quite an than that, Silvertail should approach more positively by looking at their actual performance, including their motivation, and then(prenominal) re-allocate the job for them so that the integration and strategy of the company would be aligned. According to (Adams, 2012), older workers are superior in many an(prenominal) fields e.g. positive work ethic, line of work solving, leadership, reliability, professionalism, etc Rather than wasting a right(a) source of human capital, using it sagely is always optimal.Bibliography(n.d.). Retrieved celestial latitude 20, 2012, from http//deewr.gov.au/ (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http//www.oecd.org/ Australian Bureau of Statistics About Us. (2012, November 13). Retrieved December 14, 2012, from Australian Bureau of Statistics http//abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home/About+Us?opendocu mentfrom-banner=GT Adams, S. (2012, September 9). aged Workers, Theres Hope Study Finds Employers Like You collapse Than Millennials. Retrieved December 13, 2012, from Forbes http//www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/09/24/older-workers-theres-hope-study-finds-employers-like-you-better-than-millennials/ Bekaert, G., & Hodrick, R. (2009). Internation Financial Management. capital of Massachusetts Peason. HR Report. (2008, September 17). Employers ignoring older workers. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from Thompson Reuters http//sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/workplace/2008/09/17/employers-ignoring-older-workers/ Manpower Research and Statistics Department. (2007). A Statistical Profile of Older Workers. Singapore Ministry of Manpower. Waddel, D., Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2007). Organisation Development and Change. Asia Pacific. (3rd ed.). southwestern Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Cengage Learning Australia.